Trauma and Community

Photo: She Counseling

Certain kinds of trauma visited on peoples are so deep, so stupefyingly cruel, that—unlike money, unlike vengeance, even unlike justice, rights, or the good will of others—art alone can translate such trauma and turn sorrow into meaning, sharpening the moral imagination.

Toni Morrison, Roundtable on the Future of the Humanities in a Fragmented World

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The Death of Old Goriot

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Photos: The New Yorker, Penguin Books

Rastignac gives up on his chance for wisdom, but Balzac clearly holds out hope, against considerable odds, for his implied reader.

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The Many Ages of Wisdom

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Picture in your mind a wise man or wise woman.  Chances are you imagined someone of advanced age—Dumbledore not Harry Potter, The Matrix’s Oracle not Trinity.

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Who’s Afraid of Wisdom?

Photo: ChatGPT 5.2

Before moving on, I would like to address five ways in which contemporary readers—and academic readers most especially—might be uncomfortable with wisdom as an optic for literary analysis.  

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